Employment Law and Labor Relations Issues Essay

Equal opportunity is a descriptive term for an approach intended to give equal access to an environment or benefits, such as education, employment, health care, or social welfare to all, often with emphasis on members of various social groups which might have at some time suffered from discrimination. This can involve the hiring of workers and other such practices. Social groupings generally emphasized in such a way are those delineated by aspects of gender, race, or religion. In my workplace the Equal Employment Opportunity Policy is posted on almost every wall in the building. There are several issues that need to be addressed in my workplace. I work for a not-for-profit agency contracted with the Florida Department of Children and Families. We are an agency that tries to help families reunite once they have entered into the Family Law system. My job as a social worker is to promote social justice and social change with and on behalf of clients. â€Å"Clients† is used inclusively to refer to individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. Social workers are sensitive to cultural and ethnic diversity and strive to end discrimination, oppression, poverty, and other forms of social injustice. These activities may be in the form of direct practice, community organizing, supervision, consultation, administration, advocacy, social and political action, policy development and implementation, education, and research and evaluation. Social workers seek to enhance the capacity of people to address their own needs. Social workers also seek to promote the responsiveness of organizations, communities, and other social institutions to individuals’ needs and social problems. The main issue that needs to be addressed within my company is some issues pertaining to the Fair Labor Standards Act, holiday pay, and having an Human Resources Representative at our local site. I believe that my organization needs to take the time to explain to its employees what their rights are and what the laws of the state require. The Human Resource department for our agency is run out of Bethesda, Maryland. So every issue and or concern has to go through them. Because of the distance, it is very hard and time consuming for local employees at this agency to get things done in a timely manner, so a lot of things that should be addressed at employee orientation are not addressed until maybe the third month of employment when the HR administrator decides to take a trip to Florida. There are a lot of questions that we as employees have about holiday pay practices and what are the legal requirements. For example, I did not know that an employer is obligated to provide reasonable accommodation for the religious practices of its employees, unless it can show that the accommodation would result in undue hardship for its business. Many employers offer a â€Å"floating holiday† in addition to the regularly scheduled holidays. This allows an employee to take time off for religious observances that are not covered by the employer’s established holiday schedule. Courts addressing the issue of religious accommodation generally agree that unpaid time off can be a reasonable accommodation, as can allowing an employee to use a vacation day to observe a religious holiday. Generally, employers require that floating holidays be taken in the same year they are granted and do not allow these days to be carried over into the next year. Employees usually are required to give adequate advance notice of their intention to take a floating holiday. I also did not know that an employer doe s not have to pay hourly employees for time off on a holiday. An employer is only required to pay hourly employees for time actually worked. On the other hand, exempt employees (salaried employees who do not receive overtime), who are given the day off, must be paid their full weekly salary if they work any hours during the week in which the holiday falls. This requirement for exempt employees did not change under the new federal overtime regulations. Both of these statements can be very helpful when our employees what to take some time off or just to check to make sure they are treated fairly. There are a handful of labor laws that do generally protect U.S. workers. It’s probably fair to say that most employers adhere to these basic laws, because they’d be foolish not to if they want to stay out of court. But, that’s typically at the HR and legal-department levels, where the employees are properly trained in such matters. Companies are also made up of other employees, who might never have heard of labor laws or fully understand their significance. That’s one way problems occur, especially if HR and legal departments don’t bother to properly train those in control, like jerky bosses. Another way problems occur is that, for obvious legal reasons, HR and legal departments are unlikely to openly admit that employee complaints and accusations have merit, and the company is  liable. Worse, they might even protect the perpetrators more than the victims. In conclusion, it is very important that companies keep their policies up-to-date and follow them. Written policies tell your employees how they can expect to be treated and give you guidelines for applying the policies consistently. However, the policies must comply with legal requirements and you must follow them, or they may be used against you as evidence of violations of the law. Having these problems addressed in my organization could help it many ways, starting with establishing a good relationship between upper management and current employees and also establishing a steady line of communication. But this issue cannot be addressed until a local Human Resources department is establish at every local office so if employees do have question about employment law or current labor relation issues they can be addressed right then and there.

Vygotsky Learning Theory

Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky developed a learning theory for education based on one’s culture in the 1920s and 1930s. Even without a psychology background, he became fascinated by the subject. During his short life, he was influenced by the great social and political upheaval of the Marxist Revolution. After his death in 1934, his ideas were rejected by the U. S. S. R. and only resurfaced after the Cold War ended in 1991. Vygotsky’s theory has exceedingly influenced education in Russia and in other countries. Lev Vygotsky was born in Orsha, Western Russia, which is now Belarus in 1896.Vygotsky was born into a typical middle-class Jewish family and grew up in a predominantly Jewish town of Gomel, roughly four hundred miles from Moscow (Kouzlin, 1990). He studied and graduated law from the University of Moscow on a Jewish scholarship. After graduation, he prepared his first research project in the psychology field in 1925 with The Psychology of Art, which was not published un til the 1960s. Some time later, he became a psychologist working with Alexandar Luria and Alexei Leontiev (Gallagher, 1999). Lev Vygotsky’s socioculture theory begs to answer the question: What is culture and why is it important to a child’s learning.Dr. Diane Bukatko, psychology professor, says culture is â€Å"the many facets of the environment that humans have created and continue to produce. . . But even more importantly, culture includes language and the practices, values, and beliefs accumulated and communicated from one generation to the next† (Bukatko, 2004). Vygotsky’s theory places an emphasis on the learner’s culture. Vygotsky believed that the â€Å"child’s cognitive growth must be understood in the content of the culture in which he or she lives† (Bukatko, 2004).That is to say, he believed that a child is shaped by his or her own culture. Vygotsky believed that the social activity with â€Å"children, caregivers, peers, and tutors cultivate in them the particular skills and abilities their cultural group values† (Bukatko, 2004). This social activity is the backbone to his theory. Vygotsky had two main theories of cognitive development: the More Knowledgeable Other and the Zone of Proximal Development. The More Knowledgeable Other simply means that this is a person that has a higher understanding that the learner.This may be teacher to student or it can be student to student. Vygotsky’s other major theory, Zone of Proximal Development is the â€Å"span or disparity between what children are able to do without the assistance of others and what they are often able to accomplish by having someone more expect assist them at key points† (Bukatko, 2004). Vygotsky believed that the most effective instruction took place just slightly above the learner’s current ability. There was a study done in which children were asked which items of wooden furniture when into a doll house.Some children were allowed to play with their mother, the More Knowledgable Other, before they attempted it alone, while others were only allowed to do it by themselves. It was found that those who had previously worked with a More Knowledgable Other showed greatest improvement with their attempt than those who did not (McLeod, 2007). The most important of Vygotsky’s theories in regards to education is his Zone of Proximal Development. It gives the educator a scale defining what the learner is able to achieve with or without assistance and exactly at what level he or she can attain.Based on his ZPD, Vygotsky believed that play is a â€Å"vehicle for a child behaving more maturely than at other times† and in play â€Å"children can work at the top of their Zone of Proximal Development† (Vygotsky, 1978). Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development shows what a child can learn with assistance. This can be a great tool in the teacher’s proverbial toolbox. His t heories also gives a great understanding in children learning from each other and from the teacher based on the More Knowledgeable Other and sociocultural understanding.Language and thought is sometimes believed to develop together. A child knows what a cat is before he can actually say the word. If the parent asks the child where the cat is, the child is able to point and correctly label the cat (assuming they have a cat as a pet, of course). This is directly in opposition to his idea that the child must know the spoken word â€Å"cat† before the child learns the concept. Vygotsky also believed that one’s culture is the defining growth characteristic in language and development. However, his theory states little on biological factors.

Applications Of Holographic Memory Computer Science Essay

Applications Of Holographic Memory Computer Science Essay From the beginning generation of computer, speed of the processors has been increasing tremendously approximately twice the capacity for every 3 years. Today, we can access large amount of data with in few seconds using CPU and data storage. While the computer evolves many applications for large binary files like sound or image data for high capacity storage and data access. But, there is no high capacity form of data storage to handle these large files quickly and efficiently. So, Holographic memory is a hopeful technology in the next generation over conventional storage system because it is a three-dimensional data storage system that can store information at high density inside the crystal or photopolymer which has a capacity to Storage system, the data of entire page can be accessed at a time instead of sequential method and there are very few moving parts so the limitations of the mechanical motion can be minimized. To trace interference patterns it uses a photosensitive materi al of a reference beam and a signal beam of coherent light, while the signal beam is reflected off and an object or which contains information in the variety of light and dark areas. The natural history of the photosensitive material is to record the interference pattern which reproduce a beam of light to the material which matches to the reference beam. The resultant light that is transmitted through the medium will take on the recorded interference pattern and will be collected on a laser detector array that encompasses the entire surface of the holographic medium. Lots of holograms are recorded in the similar space by changing the wavelength of the incident light or angle. The whole page of data can be accessed in this way. Hence holographic storage system has the potential to became the next storage generation over conventional storage 2. Definition of Holographic Memory It is a storage device which records binary information into one of holograms, then produces (as interfering patterns) on photographic or photo chromic media by the way of laser beams, which can be read by low-power laser beams. It is a technique that can store information at high density inside the crystals or photopolymers. The main advantage of a hologram is that which has an image to be dispersed over the recording surface. So, there is no chance of dust or scratches that totally obscures information though they may deduce the contrast. There are many attempts done on many projects to apply this technology but none of them been commercially successful. 3. What is HVD? HVD known as Holographic Versatile Disc which is an optical technology still in the development stage which holds up to 4 terabyte of information. It has an technique called as collinear holography, which contains two lasers, first red laser and another is known as blue-green laser which collimated in a single beam. The second laser i.e. blue-green laser reads the data programmed as on laser interference outer reaches fro m a holographic layer near to the top of the disc where the reference beam uses the red laser and to study the information of servo from a usual CD-style aluminium layer close to the bottom.

Social Disorganisation Theory of Criminology Essay

Social Disorganisation Theory of Criminology - Essay Example The latter serves to reinforce cohesion in society and curbs crimes or delinquency. Social organisation was limited to small communal groups such as local councils but was later applied to larger groups such as nations, continents and the like. (Kapsis, 1978) Thomas and Znanieki (1918) explain that the social disorganisation theory was initially applied in the City of Chicago by psychologist working for the University of Chicago; this was in the early twentieth century. The City of Chicago was quite conducive for the application and study of this theory because it had been associated with numerous migration cases from different parts of the worlds at that time. The social cohesion that had been witnessed in that City was now a thing of the past because there were numerous changes occurring. The sociologists claimed that arrival of immigrant populations within the City led to a breakdown of some of the well know social rules that had prevented occurrence of crime. Edwin Sutherland (1924) did extensive work in the field of social disorganisation through his book 'Principles of criminology'. In his book, he starts with the values that make peasant societies more stable and less prone to crime or delinquency. Such societies are harmonious and influences are derived from consistent sources. However, with the introduction of western societies, peasant societies were transformed by capitalist idea. Communal values no longer took precedence and instead individualistic tendencies took over. The relationships that initially dispensed cultural values and traditions disintegrated and there was 'disorganisation'. He also believed that systemic (organised and persistent) cases of crime could be overcome if society was rearranged to deal with it. But because society is random and individualistic, cases of crime will continue to occur. Henry Mackay and Clifford Shaw (1929) also collaborated in this filed of criminology. They were also members of the University of Chicago. In their research, they reaffirmed that there were links between the level of social 'organisation' and crime rates. They conducted research and found out that cases of delinquency and crime were more popular in areas nearer to Chicago city than those further away. They also concluded that societies with high rates of delinquency had equal proportions of adult crimes. According to the two, high crime rates were prevalent in areas where there was physical deterioration. They also reported that some location were associated with high crime rates regardless of the fact that their populations were changing. Their explanations for these were that populations were faced with certain social challenges irrespective of their biological predispositions. Consequently, those social challenges would lead to high crime rates even when those societies had minima l cases of immigrant arrival or population changes. The two sociologists put forward the argument that traditional norms were disoriented when there was introduction of commerce. This made social systems weaken and with time, they would eventually disappear. This could eventually lead to higher cases of crime and maybe even permissiveness towards it. Sutherland (1939) argued that there was a direct relationship between two aspects; social disorganisation in society and crime organisation. He asserted that the latter was propagated by the

Contemporary Social Policy for Young Children in the UK Research Paper

Contemporary Social Policy for Young Children in the UK - Research Paper Example Some of the policies are fashioned specifically for groups in the society: the elderly, the children, the adults, the disabled, and similar other social and age groupings in terms of services like social housing, education, health, and social works (Alcock, Payne, and Sullivan, 2004). Social policies for children experiencing poor, abusive, or abandoned conditions have also been conceptualized. Most of these policies have been planned or set-up as a means to protect and secure the welfare of these children. These policies shall now be analyzed and evaluated in this paper. Particular focus shall be given to policies which relate to child poverty, child abuse, and looked after children. This paper is being conducted in the hope of establishing a clear and comprehensive understanding of the condition of children and the policies being set forth to protect and secure their welfare. Discussion In general, the UK has adopted the following international policies as set forth by the UN Conve ntion on the Rights of the Child to care for the welfare of children. Article 27 sets forth that states have the responsibility of supporting the right of each child to â€Å"a standard of living adequate for the child’s physical, mental, spiritual, moral, and social development† (UNCRC, 1990).   Article 26 also sets forth that the government must protect the child’s right to benefit from social security, social insurance, and it should take the necessary precautions to achieve the full realization of such right (UNCRC, 1990).  

Cuban Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cuban Revolution - Essay Example The Cuban Revolution immediately won the support of the masses and, indeed, the revolutionary leaders' popularity only increased, and expanded to include Latin American populations, as a result of political rhetoric which emphasised Cuban independence from US domination and the imperatives of adopting socialism to improve the socio-economic status of the majority (Sweig, 2004). Indeed, in assessing the causes of the Cuban Revolution and the reasons for its success, it is important to highlight the political and economic background. Politically, Cuba, as was the case with Latin American nations in general, had little autonomy and independence from Spain had not led to full-fledged sovereignty but to domination by the United States. Economically, the majority suffered from chronic and absolute poverty while a minority commanded and owned much of the nation's wealth and resources. The fact that the Cuban Revolution was motivated by the aforementioned conditions and determined their reve rsal ensured its popularity in both Cuba and Latin America. Indeed, the majority of the Cuban populace embraced Castro and his guerrillas, who appeared as young idealists. As rebel soldiers made their way to Havana they were welcomed as conquering heroes by throngs of local villagers who lined the roads and cheered the troops as they passed (Sweig, 2004). Proceeding from the above stated, it is evident that the United States' policies towards Cuba are among the most significant of the revolution's causes. Before 1959 the history of U.S.-Cuban relations played out in the context of U.S. hegemony over the island. Though previous administrations had resisted U.S. influence, few had rejected it outright (Perez-Stable, 1998). Indeed, throughout the history of U.S.-Cuban relations the Cuban elite, those of European origin whose wealth tied them to U.S. interests, had actively welcomed U.S. dominance. Thus, Cubans themselves, especially the elite class, together with U.S. policymakers were responsible for stifling Cuban nationalism and for providing the atmosphere in which the revolutionary government of Fidel Castro fundamentally changed the course of Cuban history and of Cuban-U.S. relations (Perez-Stable, 1998). Before Castro, U.S. officials had worked closely with Cuban leaders. Prior to the U.S. intervention in the Cuban War for Independence many Cubans actively sought U.S. rule. The Cuban elite feared the establishment of a truly democratic republic, or in their words, a Negro Republic (Perez-Stable, 1998). They played on U.S. racial fears and cultural stereotypes, marginalizing their own countrymen. The United States wanted to maintain the status quo and unfettered access to the Cuban economy; the Cuban elites wanted stability and to continue to reap the financial rewards of close ties with U.S. business interests. The Cuban elite also wanted power for themselves. Hence, after Spain surrendered to the United States, some members of the Cuban elite embraced U.S. control over their nation (Perez-Stable,

Short Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Short Report - Essay Example The major problems encountered by the group include poor recruitment and selection procedure, lack of precision in job description, incompetent leadership approach, lack of effective communication within the operational dimensions of the group, inadequate training and development programs, employee motivational limitations and lack of proper integration of HR strategies with the overall organisational goals. Thus, in order to resolve these challenges and issues, the City of Southbridge has been suggested to restructure its HRD and managerial approach. Addressing the rudimental flaws persisting within the organisation, along with a considerable significance towards identifying the future scope for improvements and opportunities to mitigate the limitations within the HR practices of the City of Southbridge, it is expected that this report shall be helpful for the group’s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in taking requisite measures. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 The Role of a Human Resource Department at the City of Southbridge 5 The Arguments for a Strategic Human Resource Management within the City Of Southbridge 6 Identification of Potential Areas of Reform 8 Conclusion 10 Recommendations 10 References 12 Introduction City of Southbridge is a large-sized metropolitan local authority, which employs over 700 people in an array of professional, community amenity and manual roles. Mr. Brian, the recently appointed HR manager of the group, was able to identify several HR challenges during his professional tenure. In this context, Mr. Brian postulated that the group is still burdened with the orthodox HR practice, wherein greater emphasis is allocated to administration and the related transactional functions only. It has been highlighted that the HR structure within the group was principally based on its functional dimensions, including recruitment and payroll section as the primary and the largest sections. Mr. Brian further observed that none of the HR staff possessed adequate understanding regarding the strategic notion or functions followed by the City of Southbridge, which in turn caused misalignments in the execution of the HR strategies in accordance with the strategic notion followed in the City of Southbridge. With due consideration to Mr. Brian’s concern, the primary purpose of this report is to lucidly highlight the role of Human Resource Department (HRD) within the City of Southbridge. The report further strives to explain the need for a strategic approach to resolve HRM issues within the City of Southbridge. Also, the report entails identification of potential areas of scope within the group to accelerate the effective reform of the HR function in a strategic way. Throughout the report, in order to acquire considerable understanding and to draw valid and reliable conclusion, recently published academic journals and peer-reviewed articles have been utilized. Furthermore, journals containing relevant models and th eories have been taken into concern for offering necessary recommendations in respect of the HR challenges identified within the City of Southbridge. The Role of a Human Resource Department at the City of Southbridge Human Resource Department (HRD) plays a crucial role that further imposes significant impacts on the overall

The Impact of the US Economy on the Events Industry Research Paper - 1

The Impact of the US Economy on the Events Industry - Research Paper Example To the customer or guest, as special event is an opportunity for a leisure, social or cultural experience outside the The definition was corroborated by Getz who traced the evolution of the events planning and management as a profession and disclosed that â€Å"events are an important motivator of tourism, and figure prominently in the development and marketing plans of most destinations† (Getz 403).With more organizations pursuing endeavors that focus on a variety of events, it was, therefore, imminent that a categorization of events naturally occurred. From among the events categorization that emerged, the following were noted: local, major, hallmark and mega events (Skoultos and Tsimitakis); and the typology of planned events as presented by Getz who differentiated cultural celebrations, political and state events, arts and entertainment, business and trade, educational and scientific, sport competition and recreational events, and finally, private events (Getz 404). At this point, the definition of events tourism has been clearly established as â€Å"a systematic planning, development, and marketing of festivals and special events as tourist attractions, image-makers, catalysts for infrastructure and economic growth, and animators of built attraction† (Ghazali, Collins and Minnis qtd. in Skoultos and Tsimitakis 2). In different studies, it was clearly established that holding significant events generate marked impacts on the promoter of events, as well as in the location within which these events were organized and implemented. From a more traditional perspective, it was deduced that event tourism aims to spur economic growth and gain profound benefits in terms of money generated from the event (â€Å"expenditure on travel, entertainment, shopping, and pre- and post-conference tours† (â€Å"Labour Market Review of the Events Industry† 29)). Getz, on the other

Different Sources of English Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Different Sources of English Law - Essay Example North Ireland operates a system that is similar to that of England, but which is autonomous. Legislation as a main source of English law entails the formulation of laws by the parliament, commonly known as the primary legislation. In this case, Bills are developed and debated upon in the house of commons. While they are approved, they are passed on to the house of Lords for approval and later to the Queen for royal assent, after which they become fully fledged laws of the UK (Hughes, 2002 p18). There is secondary legislation that entails the formulation of laws by other bodies, mandated by the parliament to make such laws. This includes bodies such as government ministries and the local authorities (Dicey, 1993 p51). Legislations by parliament do vary, based on the geographical locations, companies, or persons. The ordinary laws that applies universally to all people in all regions are called the public general acts. There is however a change in the traditional ways of legislation, w ith some modern legislations being undertaken by the government ministries, even without being approved first by the parliament (Barnett, 2008 p17). This is a form of delegated or secondary legislations, which has some reasoning behind. ... igned for specialized areas with unique professional needs that the parliamentarians cannot meet, the opportunity is provided for, under delegated legislation, where the expert opinions and skills are crafted and incorporate into laws (Barnett, 2008 p23). Further, delegated legislation allows for flexibility in law making, in that it becomes possible to address emergent issues that need legal backing through such statutory instruments or orders provided by the ministries for enactment. This serves to ensure that the law making process can adopted to urgent need of a situation, which would otherwise not be possible if the issue had to go through the normal parliamentary legislation (Hughes, 2002 p32). Thus, legislation as a source of law entails the rigid and the flexible avenues. This serves to ensure that the nature of both complex and simple issues are accorded the right avenues, with complex legislations being handled by the parliament and the simple flexible legislations being un dertaken by such delegated bodies as the ministries. The legislations done by the local authorities are called by-laws. The doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty provides for the amendment of common laws by acts of parliament, while the laws formed through parliamentary legislation cannot be changed by the statutes of common laws (Slapper, 2001 p133). Case law is another source of English laws. This refers to the reference made to judicial decisions that were made in the past, considering the ruling that was given by the then judges, in the case a legal suit of the similar nature arises in present day (Hughes, 2002 p55). A statement that was made by a judge during a certain ruling can become legally binding, and thus affect the subsequent judgments made, due to the requirement to observe

Financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Financial management - Essay Example This presents that fact that the company has been able to maintain its cost of sales and made sure that it remains in constant proportion with the revenue. The company has been able to manage the impact of inflation in the cost of material and labor. The operating profit margin follows the same trend. Net profit margin, on the other hand analyzes the profitability of the company before deducting the taxation and finance charges from the earnings. The ratio is calculated by dividing the profit after interest and tax with the sales revenue of the current financial period. The ratio highlights how well the company is managing its selling and administrative expenses it also highlights the other income generated by the company during the course of its operations. The net profit increased significantly in the financial year 2012 as compared to the financial year 2011. ... ital employed (ROCE) is, according to the analyst, is considered to be the most significant ratio in order to evaluate a company’s performance from an investor’s point of view. ROCE measures a company’s ability to earn a return on all of the capital that is being employed by the company. The ratio is calculated as net income upon total capital employed, which is the sum of debt and equity financings. The return on capital employed is showing a fluctuating pattern as presented in the tabular representation. If we evaluate the tabular information, the ROCE increased sharply from the financial year 2010 to financial year 2011. The net profit of the company increased by a staggering ? 100 thousand during the financial year 2012 which resulted in an incline in the return on capital employed. Earnings per share (EPS) are considered one of the most important financial ratios from the investor’s point of view. The ratio highlights the average earnings from the sha res transacted and is calculated by dividing the profit attributable to the common share holders and multiplying them with the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. The earnings per share trend follow the same pattern as that of the net profit margin. The liquidity ratio measures the company’s ability to pay its short term liabilities. The ratio illustrates that how quickly a company can convert its assets into cash and cash equivalent in order to pay off its short term liabilities. The most commonly used liquidity ratio, the current ratio, which is calculated by comparing the current assets and current liabilities. The strengthened the current ratio the more ability the company has to pay its debts and short term obligations over the next 12 months. As apparent from the above

Plato, The Republic of Plato Essay Example for Free

Plato, The Republic of Plato Essay I thought that Plato’s The Republic was very ambitious in its goals and for the most part, it made a lot of excellent observations about the dynamic of human nature. It is nearly amazing that Plato found things in the ancient times that were not only true in the context of his life, but true for human beings in every period of time. He hit upon the key, core values that each and every person cannot get away from, no matter what their role or place in society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first thing that I found interesting was Plato’s breakdown of society. Though many other parts of his work are transcendent across many different generations, this was one part that only applies to his time frame, or so it would seem. It is fitting that he overplays the role of the warrior in society, since that is what was important during his time. Because of this, his entire dynamic is thrown out of whack in context of how it might be viewed today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He did nail some important points in regards to the human spirit itself, though. By breaking it down into three categories, he made what should have been a difficult idea into one that was very easy to understand. In particular, I found it interesting how Plato addressed money as a motivator. I think that too many authors get caught up in the idea that money is at the root of a lot of actions. Plato, even back then, had it right that money is simply wanted as a means to an end. Most people who seek money do not do so just to have it. Instead, they want it so that they an satisfy the other primal desires that they cannot seem to shake. Plato is also correct that the rational part of a person must be the controlling factor if a person is going to be just. All too often, a person motivated by things or by emotions makes bad decisions and causes pain for others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is interesting to see who Plato praises in his republic and who he puts down. Predictably, he likes to laud the philosophers for their work for the greater good. Plato does not seem to spare any sort of self adulation in this respect. He believes that what he and his fellow philosophers are doing is right. I cannot fault him for this, though. If he did not think it was just, he should stop living his life this way. It was interesting, however, that he chose poets as the one group of people to completely put down in the book. After thinking about it, this is not all that surprising. Poets like to hit on exactly the opposite of what philosophers spend their life championing. They play to the emotional side of people, while the rational side is the most just. In a way, this is a commentary on what Plato finds important in his society. He does not want a bunch of indulgent creatures running around and he does not have any patience for people who go out promoting that type of badness. Instead, he is looking for a republic where people let their rational thoughts guide them to where they need to be. He recognizes emotion as a part of the human dynamic, but does not glorify its position like poets do. That was the most telling part of the entire book.

Rizals life Essay Example for Free

Rizals life Essay Home, church, and school are the three important pillars that shaped Rizal’s identity as the voice and prophet of the Filipino people and his advocacy that unity equates to prosperity. b. Summary Rizal’s identity was shaped in his home, at school and at the church. These institutions gave long-lasting impression and influence to him. Rizal’s mother helped him to read, write, and express his emotions through poetry. The school at Binan gave Rizal his first formal schooling, shaped his character, and formed his habits. The church, on the other hand, shaped Rizal’s philosophy of life, moral philosophy, question of choice and manner of ethics. All these three institutions are the core to Rizal’s advocacy that unity is the strongest link that binds people together in building a great nation. Rizal is the dominant voice in our history not only because of the things said above but also because he was the first to put his own advice into practice. Because of his preference to choosing the ethical side of life over his personal freedom, he had to face the firing squad at the Luneta. c. Reactions or Comments The article, for me, brings out the nationalist inside of me. It makes me want to do more for my country and for my countrymen. It also made me realize that Rizal’s life was also a tough life for him to go through. My eyes were gradually opened to the fact that Rizal was just like any Filipino child, but I guess his only difference from other Filipino children is that he lived every lessons and insights that he had learned from his parents, from his school, and from their church. He chose the ethical side of life over his freedom. He had given so many advices to his fellow Filipinos because, I think, he believed that his countrymen will be able to live those things. He always gave emphasis on unity in most of his works because he firmly believes that unity is the most important factor in saving people from foreign disturbances and in facing any national problem. A statement of Rizal was cited on the article by the author. The statement goes, â€Å"Law knows no color of skin, nor does reason differentiate between nostrils. † I think what Rizal is trying to say here is that we shouldn’t be ashamed of who we are or what we have or how we look because everything is equal in the eyes of justice. We should fight for our freedom because it is in freedom that the people are led to security and prosperity. Indeed, the content of the article really had an impact on me. The article was nicely done and was easy to understand. Because of this article, I finally realized that Rizal’s works and thoughts are not only for his time but also for ours.

Role of National Security in Pakistan

Role of National Security in Pakistan Pakistan had its first ever created national security policy from the day of its independence. At this stage it is important that Pakistan formed a comprehensive plan for the government for next five years to over come the difficulties of terrorism and low economic condition. Also the increasing terrorism in Pakistan has some severe issues on its national security. Much of the loss Pakistan faced in the previous some decades was due to the terrorism which is increasing day by day. This security policy is very significant in formulation because it shows a great effort to over come the situation of terrorism and we need a strategy plan to eliminate the security issues existing in our country. That internal policy made into soft component and hard component are comprehensive responsive plan (CRP) and composite deterrence plan(CDP) , respectively. These are set to combat against the threats to internal security. It is also criticize on some occasions but as a whole it is significant that the NSP is essential for this situation in Pakistan. What Is National Security? After the world war 2 , the different countries wants to be stable condidition in their countries. While their internal and external relations are not well.they are not advocated properly and need some kind of security measures to improve the condition of their relations with others. So in view of these instability America made its first policy which ensures their security measures at best level. Thus they made a council to take some serious steps in terms of their security making institutions.[1] In this way it is become the important factor to formulize the internal as well as external security policy for a better long term relations with others. What’s Included In National Security Policy? The national security policy (NSP) is not limited to the extent of security measures of a state. Thus it is now a wider term comprises of: economic , social , political and military strategy was well as the foreign policy. The secret agencies work under the government to uphold the situation of peace in the country and save it from the internal and external threats. As for a progress of a country it is essential for it that it hold a strong command over its economy and also its political structure be in democratic way transerfer from one to other in a fair manner. As terrorism is a fact who mostly mostly affected many of the countries and especially of the countries in which we live. The danger to our country lies in the policy making of our country and also the alliencies to which we are sided and on what basis we support them. Thus the national security policy determine our future and had a significant role in a countrys progress. Why Is There Any Need Of National Security Policy? One may asked that what so important in national security policy that’s it is essential for our country. The answer is very simple that from the day of independence Pakistan face issue of its existence. As in those days india is not ready to accept independence of Pakistan that’s why Pakistan has always a threat form india over its existence. Also india behavour over the neccession of states and war of 1948 , Pakistan has always a defensive position and had serious threats from some aliens force that’s why its impact on pakistans policy always remains. The Kashmir issue and Afghanistan role in 50s over independence of pakhtonistan become the hurdles in pakistans security threats and for that reason Pakistan has always remain in a defensive position. Also the increasing terrorism in Pakistan has some severe issues on its national security. Much of the loss Pakistan faced in the previous some decades was due to the terrorism which is increasing day by day. Due to instability of politics of Pakistan the democracy didn’t perform well and thus major decision were made by the dictators in Pakistan,for which Pakistan still faces crisis in every field due to improper planning. [2] The military intervention in Pakistans politics proves so fatal that its consequences are still observed in multiple forms. Thus due to these factors the national security didn’t operate well or didn’t made it to the required level. And Pakistan always faced crisis over Kashmir issue and in afghanistans issue. Emergence Of National Security Policy In Pakistan The concept of NSP arose in the regime of general yahaya khan who recommendation of the admiral ahsan formed a national security council (NSC). A NSC is formed to update the president and prime minister directly. Its main function os to provide the basic information on internal security. This NSC is dissolved by zulfiqar ali Bhutto and defense committee of cabinet (DCC) was created in its place. Then it is reconstructed by general zia ul haq. After this is remain in active for a long time as it is dissolved by DCC again by Benazir Bhutto. After that it is made active by general pervaiz musharraf in 2004 in which he made tariq aziz a civil bureucreat the secretary of NSC council. It worked for a long time unless in 2008 when ppp convert it into DCC agsin. The reason for not working properly this NSC was that it is always involved in the politics and help military to take over the civilian governments due to the members of its which are mostly from the retired military officers and bureucreats. That’s the reason it is become unfavourite for The civilian government and they always against this because they take care of the politics and not concern in making national security policy. Re-Construction Of NSC In Nawaz Regime 2013 As the nawaz sharif won the election of 2013 by majority seats of national assembly and formed a government in the center he thus made the sartaj aziz secretetary of national security council on june 2013. They greatly emphazised by the interior minister to formulat the national security policy in order to come over the terrorism situation in Pakistan. The interior minister ch. Nisar greatly contribute in the formulation of national security policy whose efforts are came up with the NISP of Pakistan and then presented to the NA of Pakistan to passed it but was delayed due to some improvements in it. This security policy is very significant in formulation because it shows a great effort to over come the situation of terrorism and we need a stretagy plan to eliminate the security issues existing in our country. Draft of national security policy for 2013-14 in Pakistan: The policy introduced by government of Pakistan comprises over three parts i,e Strategic Operational Secret There is some problem with this type of division because it is difficult to understand as it is comprises over some secret information which is not shareable with the public but it is appreciated that it is on such issues which are key factor for this policy.[3] It includes sovereignty of Pakistan and according to it the peace talk to stakeholder can be only one condition that the isolation of extremist from alien agencies funding. The NISP is formed due to the global terrorism in the whole of world and also the issue of Afghanistan and its effects to the pakistans security. Also focuses on the elimination of extremism, sectarianism , terrorism and militancy from our country and an adequate planning on it. The NISP also includes the internal security especially , but also focus on external security and strategy to come over such threats. This will remain included in the ministry of defense jurisdiction. The focus on other issues such as social , economic , environmental and political issues also included in the draft. Civil liberty emphasis in National security policy and ensure their safety. The threat perception as Pakistan face some serious extremism on its social and economic level. Also to break the shadow linkage of these organizations. Also to maintain writ of state. Ensures fundamental rights of people. As said earlier that internal policy made into soft component and hard component are comprehensive responsive plan (CRP) and composite deterrence plan(CDP) , respectively.these are set to combat against the threats to internal security. The first component of CRP comprise on peace talks and also the rehabilitation of the victims of terrorism. The programme of reconstruction of those institutions affected by the terrorism are monitor by NACTA. NACTA will develop de-radicalisation with help of NISP. NACTA will also started a reconciliation with consultation of various groups for peace building process in Pakistan. The re-integration process provides people to improve their economic condition by applying Youth Engagement Strategy (YES). It also improves the educational madrassas system by supporting them in their finance and administration system. The NISP will also focus to come up with certain legal reforms in our legal system to improve the judicial system as well as ensures fundamental rights of people by courts. NACTA represents the reports on how to improve the prosecution , judiciary and police etc. Composite deterrene plan (CDP) will allow many national internal security apparatus to work properly and provides them full technique help on all issues. The NISP also improves the national internal security institutions. An awareness to people is given to stop the extremism , sectarianism and terrorism through media , civil society. The implementation on the de-radicalization also included so that the rehabilitation may acquire upto a desire level. A proper gateway to monitor madrassas and religious institutions at federal and provincial level. Improve the situation of socially and economic of terrorism affected areas at federal and provincial level. The rehabilitation of children , women and minorities must be ensured. The places of national heritage must be preserved under a specific policy. Steps should be taken to de-ammunize the cities. Steps should be taken to evoke the misuse of media , social media and reforms on issuance of new mobile sim. The cybercrimes prohibited and take measures against it.[4] Improve national database system so that the identification of people and evaluaton on their assets be ensured. The measurement on the problem of afghan refugees and control their movement under the law. Steps taken to stop the smuggling in country and improvement in border line security. An agency of directorate of internal security (DIS) is made which will work under NACTA. This agency had 33 members which are from civilians as well as from military men who works together to conduct intelligence on internal security. This will eliminate terrorism from country and also ensures public safety. There should be a federal rapid response force (FRRF) with counter terrorism department (CTD) which works in Capital Terroritery , FATA , Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan with their unique coordination and command. Beside this there should be a provincial rapid response force (PRRF) with CTD also exist at provincial level. Also taken measure for the destruction of biological weapons and its use is prohibited. The international cooperation is required to control global terrorism and also their coordination. All agencies report issues to NACTA within 30 days limit. The information is also provided to ministry of defense under which they work and provide them with full information where required . Also the information from public required and suggestions are invited through intelligence and media. These suggestion are improved NISP by NACTA. Implementation Of The National Security Policy The implementation of the NSP is ensured by the counter terrorism department CTD with the help of police and other institutions of the type because the coordination and proper cooperation it is not implement. The police will help the DIS to gather information and present it to the national internal security operation center (NISOC) for further improvement in NSP. The police shall establish a specialized counter terrorism department for their help and maintenance and establishment of weapons and machinery exist according to NSP.[5] The facility of air flight emergency shall provided to these institutions. Good Intentions In National Security Policy The NACTA is an important step by the government as this NACTA (National Counter Terrorism Authority) is linkage between federal and provincial level and also between the security agencies because the lack of coordination can result in very drastic condition of security issues and face crises after this lack of coordination. Reforms in madrassas also appreciable. Cooperation between civil and military institutions Issue of afghan refugees Cooperation between federal and provincial level Action against cybercrimes Formulation of RRF(rapid responsive force ) Fundamental Rights of people Process of rehabilitation , reconciliation and reconstruction of terrorism affected areas Isolation of terrorist Criticism On National Security Policy Some of the issues are criticize in the national security policy of Pakistan and also some suggestions are given to government on this draft which are as follows: As the policy divides into three parts that is strategic , operational and secret so the classification or justification of issues become so confused that one may not defined them in proper category. The draft as said the extremism , sectarianism , terrorism and militancy division but the document need some explanation on their difference so that people should aware properly in this respect. As civil liberties are ensured but there is not a comprehensive legal regime in this respect and need a committee of jurist to overview the legal system. Also the disputes are peacefully solve under the rule of law but the extremist didn’t admit rule of law of state so what will the basis for the talks with the stakeholders are need to be improve. There are also some protection on comprehensive response plan CRP and combined deterrence plan CDP and need some justification on such issues. The cooperation between the federal responsive force RRF and provincial responsive force exist but what if they are not agreed on the cooperation. Instead of making the counter terrorism department the reforms shall be introduced in the police and made CTD under the police so that the security issues can be made better.[6] Also the security institutions need some men with brains not with guns and officials should be involved in the field of communication , forensic , lawyers , and financial experts etc. In short there may be some flaws in the national security but its significance can not be denied at all and it’s a good step taken by government. Nowadays as there are concept of global terrorism and without a strict cooperation between institutions the peace situation can never be achieved. So for a peaceful environment these steps should be taken at all cost. This NSP hope best prove for our country and we achieved a situation of law and order in our Pakistan. It is also criticize on some occasions but as a whole it is significant that the NSP is essential for this situation in Pakistan. Bibliography http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/05-03-2014(Wednesday) (accessed 5 05, 2014). http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy (accessed 5 6, 14). †¢ http://www.fas.org/man/docs/nssr-98 (accessed 5 7, 14). http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/NR/rdonlyres/9EE78C07-C971-440B-B297- (accessed 5 7, 14). PILDAT. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/CMR/NationalInternalSecurtiyPolicy_AnAnalysis (accessed 04 05, 2014). the nation. http://www.nation.com.pk/islamabad/06-Mar-2014/mnas-for-joint-session-to-debate-nisp (accessed 5 5, 2014). WN.COM. http://article.wn.com/view/2014/03/02/Internal_Security_Policy_aims_for_deradicalisation_in_Pakist/ (accessed 5 5, 2014). alarabiya. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/world/2014/03/04/Imperatives-of-Pakistan-National-Security-Policy.html (accessed 5 6, 14). haider, ejaz. (accessed 5 6http://newsweekpakistan.com/national-internal-security-policy-and-the-road-ahead/, 14). the hindu.com. http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/internal-security-policy-aims-for-deradicalisation-in-pakistan/article5743530.ece (accessed 5 6, 14). [1] http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/05-03-2014(Wednesday) (accessed 5 05, 2014). [2] PILDAT. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/CMR/NationalInternalSecurtiyPolicy_AnAnalysis (accessed 04 05, 2014). [3] http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/05-03-2014(Wednesday) (accessed 5 05, 2014). [4] http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/05-03-2014(Wednesday) (accessed 5 05, 2014). [5] the nation. http://www.nation.com.pk/islamabad/06-Mar-2014/mnas-for-joint-session-to-debate-nisp (accessed 5 5, 2014). [6] http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy (accessed 5 6, 14).

A Prolonged Civil Conflict :: essays research papers

The reasons why the Vietnam War lasted so long is a very controversial subject among Americans. There is no simple answer to as why the war lasted so long. Many factors have to be considered when analyzing the war. The first factor that has to be considered is whether or not the U.S. really belonged in the Vietnam War in the first place. The initial reason that the U.S. became involved in Vietnam was because they thought that North Vietnam was going to Russia and China, which were communist countries, for support. Because of the containment policy, the U.S. felt it had to defend South Vietnam from communism. They thought that Russia was trying to take over Europe and make it one communist state. Herring says, “The United States formally committed itself to he containment of Soviet expansion in Europe, and throughout the next two years attention was riveted on France, where economic stagnation and political instability aroused grave fears of communists takeover'; (11). However, all Ho and North Vietnam wanted was for their country to be reunited. “For the Vietminh, unification of their not only represented fulfillment of the centuries-old dream of Vietnamese nationalists but also was economic necessity'; (8). The Vietminh asked the U.S. for support but because they thought that North Vietnam was influenced by Russia, the U.S. turned them down. It was not until later that the Vietminh went to Mao Tse-tung’s Chinese Communists for support out of desperateness. From the very beginning, “the U.S. had attached itself to a losing cause'; (19). Because the U.S. was obsessed with the domino theory and a communist threat in Southeast Asia, they became involved in and were partly to blame for prolonging a civil conflict.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the U.S. had initially become involved in Vietnam’s civil conflict, they kept getting more and more involved. Besides several bomb raids the U.S. also kept sending more and more troops into South Vietnam. The massive bomb raids and the continuous flow of troops into South Vietnam established the U.S.’s policy; they were willing to give full support to South Vietnam and fight in a war in order to stop the spread of communism. As Herring says, the U.S. also insisted “that an important interest had been established that had to be defended for the sake of U.S. credibility throughout the world'; (309).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This leads to the second factor to as why the war lasted so long.

Comparing and Contrasting Society in the Book, The Lathe of Heaven and

Comparing and Contrasting Society in the Book, The Lathe of Heaven and the Movie, Matrix In the book The Lathe of Heaven, by Ursula K. Le Guin, there are many similarities and some differences in society in comparison to the movie Matrix. The two stories settings take place in different locations. Although, throughout both stories many huge changes are made, the people in the societies remain unaware of the changes. Then, similarly, only a certain few individuals are knowledgeable of the true reality. A difference between The Lathe of Heaven and the Matrix is the place setting. The Lathe of Heaven's characters are in the real world. The real world is physical and tangible, filled with items that tiger senses. People have feelings and react differently to situations. Each one depending on the person and the circumstance. The real world is the truth, the truth is reality. Although, this reality is changed with one night's dream, from George Orr. Orr is a man who has the ability to change truth, including history and every humans view of what reality is. When Orr dreams, h is thoughts become reality. With one dream he changes today, and the history. Orr is the only one who is aware of the original, true reality. In the Matrix, however, what the society believes to be the real world, is really a computer program invented and run by Machines. In the Matrix, Machines have taken over the human population and created a world, known as the Matrix. This world is only lived out through the minds of the people, as the people are kept in holding tanks. The world, or Matrix is a computer program, and only known to be a computer program by the Machines and a few selected individuals. Similarly, in The Lathe of Heaven and in the Matrix ... ...er begins to manipulate his dreams, abusing his ability to change reality. Orr decides to inform a lawyer, Heather Lelache, with hope she will aid in preventing Orrs dreaming. Together the three of them are the only ones aware of the dreams, and therefore the only ones knowledgeable of the original truth, true reality. In both stories, the novel, The Lathe of Heaven, and the movie, Matrix, the societies compare and contrast. The stores share in similar themes and plot but have different aspect to the changes made in society. The changes in society both, positively and negatively affect and influence the people. Included are powers that are overbearing and controlling that need to be stopped, such as the Machines and the dreaming. Similarly, both stories involve people who want to change the world for themselves and ones who prefer to allow God to plan the future.

The Impossibility of Female Desire in Pygmalion and The Awakening Essay

In â€Å"The Power of Discourse and the Subordination of the Feminine,† Luce Irigaray argues that, because society uses a patriarchal language that privileges male-gendered logic over female-gender emotion, there is no adequate language to represent female desire. She writes that â€Å"feminine pleasure has to remain inarticulate in language, in its own language, if it is not to threaten the underpinnings of logical operations† and, because of this, â€Å"what is most strictly forbidden to women today is that they should attempt to express their own pleasure† (796). This inability to articulate female desire means that female desire becomes unutterable, something that cannot be expressed. According to Irigaray, this unutterable-ness of female desire in patriarchal language leaves only one option for women to attempt to express their desire and that is the act of mimicry or mimesis. Mimesis is not an attempt to represent female desire in patriarchal language; inst ead, mimesis is in attempt through the use of patriarchal language to reveal that female desire cannot be presented, a way to â€Å"make ‘visible,’ by an effect of playful repetition, what was supposed to remain invisible – the cover-up of a possible operation of the feminine in language† (795). Mimesis exposes how patriarchal language disallows or denies female desire by circling around the absence of that female desire, by making its absence perfectly clear in a patriarchal discourse. The concept of a patriarchal discourse, necessary to Irigaray’s argument, is an example of a shared interpretive community, a term coined by Stanley Fish that refers to a discursively-created set of ideas, beliefs, and interpretations that belong to a community or multiple communities. The most important aspe... ...etative community of patriarchal language, does not allow for the existence of female desire and kills what little life it had in Eliza in these last lines. In the end, the characters of Edna and Eliza reveal the impossibility of female desire, of their having desire, within a culture that cannot articulate or name it. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. Ed. Nancy Walker. Boston: Bedford, 2000. Print. Fish, Stanley. "How to Recognize a Poem When You See One." Is There a Text in this Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980. PDF File. Irigaray, Luce. "The Power of Discourse and the Subordination of the Feminine." Literary Theory: An Anthology. By Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2004. Print. Shaw, George Bernard. Pygmalion. New York: Dover Publications, 1994. Print.

Cause and Effect on World War 1

Cause and Effect on World War 1 World War One, a huge conflict that sparked in 1914 and lasting all the way until 1918. The war was between the world’s greatest powers as two opposing sides; the Central Powers and the Allies. It was a chain of events that had started this was which consist of key features such as imperialism, alliances, growth of militarism, crisis, and nationalism. It was the result of these accumulating factors that had eventually evoked war. The effects on World War One included over 8 million deaths, higher taxes, rationing of food, and etc.Imperialist is considered a primary cause of war. With Europe’s growing economy and wealth, rivalries and competition for colonies among European nations were more accepted which ultimately led to unrest. Before the war, Europe was growing prosperity and peace. By 1900’s European powers were in control of most African, Asian, and other continents, showing strong ideas of imperialism. While imperialism show cased European strength it also revealed its dependency. Each country’s prosperity hinged on its ability to maintain and expand its colonial empire.This has created competition among imperialist powers for foreign territory. The British felt endangered by Germany’s fast economic growth. Quickly after that, Germany’s new modern factories largely out produced Britain’s older ones. This was a strong economic reason for Britain to oppose Germany in any disagreement. Territiorial disputes was also an ongoing problem with European countries as the leasders wanted more land and didn’t know who owned land was being taken all the times. Imperialism also divided European nations.Now on to the causes that made a difference or that was important with WW1. What exactly were the causes of World War 1? Sounds like a simple straight to the point question, but it’s definitely not. It was more to what think was the whole cause of World War 1, more than the st art of the war than an Austrian prince being murdered in Serbia. Causes of the war also dealt with nationalism, imperialism, and militarism along with the alliance systems in Europe all strongly affected the outbreak of the war. All of these factors where established in many of Europe’s â€Å"Great Powers† which consisted ofGreat Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. The main cause focused on what I stated above, in the previous sentences. The causes of World War 1 include a growing sense of militarism, which was accompanied by arms race, and imperialism. Imperialism as economic rivalries and competition for colonies among European nations were prevalent. What were the effects on World War 1? This war had a few effects on America society, though the war instigated problems, causing n effect that is negative on the American home front. Americans experienced a lot of problems, like the narrowing of our rights and the war caused a patriotic sense to Ameri ca that got to the point where people were discriminating people from other backgrounds. † Also, from many soldiers drafted to war more job opportunities were available. Though this seemed like a good thing, negative effects came out of it The war itself left an everlasting impact. After this was women were gaining more rights. They were gaining rights such as voting and sexual equality.The male dominance patriarchal ideas weren’t so strong anymore. The United States entered the war with the mindset of being neutral and isolated. Russia left the war allowing them to deal with the conflicts. The effects of the war included over 8. 5 million deaths, rationing of food and other products, higher taxes, famine, and propaganda war. This war cost billions of dollars and tons of lives. It brought Japan up to Great Power status, which fueled their ambitions in the Far East. It reinforced the American strain of isolationism which led to the Great Depression. War reparations and t he harsh peace settlement on Germany made conditions ripe to bring Hitler and the Nazis to power, and the war was the straw that broke the back of the Russian monarchy which allowed the Russian Communists to take power (europeanhistory). † The economic and political effects were so great that World War 1 marks the start of a modern era. With all the effects that took place with World War 1, it then started a new war that lead to World War 2, â€Å"The Cold War. † Works Cited Nash, Gary B. , Julie Roy. Jeffrey, and Allen Yarnell. The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. Print.

Arg Container Terminal

CARIBBEAN MARITIME INSTITUTE Marine Terminal Operations ARJ Container Terminal Prepared by: Revalino Bennett, Andrew Gibson, Jenoir Dick, Oshane Polson, Tandra Morris, Jodian Braham For: Mr. Reyon McIntyre Due Date: November 15th, 2012 Table of Contents Section Page Section A- GeneralIntroduction IV A-2 ARG Air layout 1-2 A-3 Abbreviations A-4 Working Hrs A-5 Entry Passes A-6 General Customs Formalities Section B- Landside Operations B-1 Gate Operations B-2 Terminal Access B-3 Exit Validation B-4 Checking Activity at Gate B-5 Inter Terminal Transport B-6 Customs Inspection Section C- Vessel Operation C-1 Marine Requirements C-101 Working Hrs C-102 Vessel Arrival NoticeC-103 Documents Required C-104 Establishing Communication C-105 Pilotage C- 2 Berth and Labour Planning C-201 Pro-forma Vessel Schedules C-202 Advance Schedules C-203 Initial Vessel Call Information C-204 Detailed Vessel Call Information C-205 Communication on the â€Å"Port of Salalah Game Plan† C-206 Calls O utside Pro-forma C-207 Vessel Connections C-208 Technical Information on the Vessel C-209 Notice of Readiness Section D- Load and Discharge Operation D-1 General D-101 Gantry Crane Capacity D-102 Lashing D-103 Hatch Cover Moves and Restows D-104 Use of Special Equipment D-105 Bay Planning and Stability CalculationsD-106 Definition of Loading/Discharging of Containers D-107 Reporting D-108 Storage D-109 Data Amendment D-2 Discharge Operation D-201 Vessel Profile Information D-202 Discharge List Information D-203 Checking Activity During Discharge (Tally) D-204 Reporting D-205 Short-landed Container D-206 Over-Landed Container D-3 Load Operation D-301 Pre-Plan D-302 Load List Information D-303 Re-Nomination of Cargo D-304 Pro-Forma Cargo Deadline D-305 Checking Activity during Load (Tally) D-306 Reporting D-307 Short-Shipped Container D-308 Over-Shipped Container D-4 Yard Inventory D-5 Vessel Bunkering, Repair, and Supply of ProvisionSection E- Break Bulk and Over Dimensional Cargo E- 1 Requirements E-2 Restrictions F- Direct Deliveries G- Dangerous Cargo H- Leakage/Spillage of Cargo I- Container Freight Station Activities J- Weighbridge K- Miscellaneous Services L- Damage and Claims L-01 Damage to Line’s Equipment (Without Prejudice) L-02 Damage to Line’s Vessel (Without Prejudice) L-03 Damage Caused by Third Parties L-04 Damage to Port Facilities/Equipment/Personnel M – Longstanding Cargo N- Reefer Containers Section O- Port Safety and Security O01 Rules & Regulations O02 International Ship and Port Security (ISPS) O02. ISPS Measures by Port of Salalah O02. 2 ISPS Requirements for the Line O03 X-Ray Inspection of Containers Introduction The competition among container ports continues to increase because of di? erentiating factors such as services, location and performance. These factors make up some of the major key selection criterias international shipping companies consider when selecting a transshipment port. With that in mind we the ow ners and managers at ARJ Container Terminal will be trying to attract carriers with our automating handling equipment, the speeding up various services, and providing the most current information on the ? w of containers. At the same time, however, we will reduce costs by utilizing our resources e? ciently, including human resources, berths, container, yards, quay cranes, and various yard equipment. Our key and optimum advantage will be our location. This location in Little Bay, Little London Westmorland Jamaica West Indies will have the sufficient harbor water depth and dock space that will make it possible to facilitate docking of up to a Super-Panamax vessel.Dredging will not be required to accommodate these large draft vessels, hence no disturbance or depletion of any marine wildlife sanctuaries on the harbour floor or natural habitat will be caused. We and our management team are greatly pleased by this because outside of us wanting to create an optimal high efficiency containe r terminal, we also want to know that it is done with little or no impact on the surrounding environment and wildlife. ARJ Container Terminal location will be 25 minutes from the capital city of Savanna La Mar and 5 minutes from the A2 South Coast Highway.This will aid greatly in our multimodal transportation planning for both our clients and ourselves and also compliment positively on the domestic distribution side of our company. We are a limited liability company that specialises in container and general cargo handling for transshipment and domestic purposes. The company is owned by Shiek Revalino Bennet, Shiek Andre Gibson and Shiek Jenoir Dick and is manage by our seniors directors Oshane Polson, Tandra Morris and Jodian Braham The objective of ARJ is to provide integrated cargo service solutions for shipping companies worldwide.Due to our highly competent managers, the company will be able to substantially increase its cargo turnover and ensure regular cargo flow, and to compl iment our effectiveness we will be the only terminal on the island of Jamaica with Sea-Rail transshipment operations. This will enhance our domestic function and in turn bringing first class service to the developing nation of Jamaica. Our developed terminal infrastructure, cargo handling technologies and modern equipment will definitely ensure ARJ’s competitiveness and peak position in the transit market.We will offer value-added services including customs operations, freight forwarding and logistics solutions so this can basically be a one stop shop for our customers/clients. ARJ will employ 111 qualified specialists in different fields to ensure the company’s operational efficiency and productivity level is on par with the major terminals around the world and even exceed if possible. We are predicting from global feedback that our total container flow for 2013 will be approximately 750,000 TEU. ARJ Air Layout Infrastructure: Berth: Length – 290 m Draught â₠¬â€œ 15 m Warehouse area: 16,310 m2Open-air storage area: 120,800 m2 Technical equipment: Quay cranes at the vessel: – STS crane – Conventional quay crane – Mobile harbor crane For container transfer (horizontal transport): – SC (max. stacking capability: 1-over-3-high) – Reachstacker – Terminal tractor with trailer (so-called Tractor-Trailer Unit (TTU)) – Multi-trailer (terminal tractors with several trailers) – Empty/loaded container handler – Shuttle Carrier (ShC stacking capability: 1-over-1-high) – Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV) – Automated SC (max. stacking capability: 1-over-2-high) For container transport and stacking within the yard: SC – Rubber-Tyred Gantry crane (RTG crane) – Rail-Mounted Gantry crane (RMG crane) – Container handler (like reachstacker or top lifter) – OverHead Bridge crane (OHB crane) For the landside operation: – SC – RTG crane – RMG crane – Reachstacker – TTU At the inland navigation vessel: – STS crane – Conventional quay crane – Mobile harbor crane The STS crane drops down containers on TTU that will transport the containers to the stacking area where the boxes are stacked by reach stackers (see Figure 1. 1) or forklift trucks fitted with appropriate spreader frames for container top or side lifting.Due to their versatility in operation, reach stackers are the best choice for our multi-purpose terminal as they are easy to handle, can be used for stacking in the yard, loading and unloading of TTUs, road trucks and rail cars on first rail. Including our landside operation, an estimate of 3–4 reachstackers and 4–5 TTUs are required per STS crane. The specific number of TTUs in particular will depend on the distance between the berth and the stacking area of the respective operation. The TTUs are used for the transport of the containers between the vessel and the container yard.Figure 1. 1- Reachstackers and TTU operation A storage capacity of approx. 350 TEU per hectare for 3-high stacking and 500 TEU per hectare for 4-high stacking are common figures for our type of yard equipment. The maximum stacking height is 5, container blocks can be kept 4-deep due to second row access. In case of relocation of capacities reachstackers are easily transported to another terminal or used for other cargo handling and because of their easy transportation between terminals reachstackers can be used to cover temporary requirements. Straddle Carrier System:The STS crane will place containers onto the apron from where the SCs transport them to the stacking yard (see Figure 1. 2 and Figure 1. 3) and stack the containers. The SCs are independent from any other equipment and are able to perform all the different handling operations: transport, stacking and the loading/unloading of trucks and rail cars (see Figure 1. 3). SC systems are the optimal system for large size terminals when high flexibility in the yard and accessibility of the boxes are required and thay make it easy to alter the layout of the terminal.A storage capacity of approx. 500 TEU per hectare stacking 2-high (3-high SC) and 750 TEU per hectare stacking 3-high (4-high SC) can be achieved. The maximum stacking height is 4-high. Including landside operation, an estimate of 4–5 SCs are required per STS crane – without considering specific conditions. The system will be supported by container handlers stacking MT boxes and/or RMGs for container handling in the rail yard. Figure 1. 2 Pure SC system Figure 1. 3 SC operations: Container transport and stacking and Loading / unloading of rail cars System advantages SC’s are able to cover all kinds of horizontal and vertical transports being necessary to perform container moves from the landside terminal interfaces (including truck handling and rail operation) via the container yard to handover positions be low the STS cranes at quayside (and vice versa). †¢ the containers can be dropped on the ground so that no (or only short) waiting times for handling equipment occur. This kind of container handover enables STS cranes to operate with a high productivity while using a comparatively low number of SCs per crane. high number of concurrent container movements †¢ the breakdown of one SC has a comparatively low impact on the total handling process †¢ compared to the systems with TTUs the labor costs are lower due to the smaller number of vehicles †¢ no disturbance of the operation by trucks because these are loaded/unloaded outside the stacking yard †¢ the system is flexible to changes based on operational requirements and terminal layouts can be simply altered as SCs can be easily moved within the terminal since no pre-set routes or tracks are needed Rubber-Tyred Gantry Crane System with Tractor-Trailer UnitsThe STS gantry crane places the container on a TTU unit that transports the container to the storage area where the RTG crane stacks the containers in long blocks (see Figure 1. 4). The RTG can be used for TTUs and road trucks as well. The size and structure of the RTG crane is determined according to the requirements of the terminal operator. The system has a very high stacking density because of the high stacking capability and the block stacking. Long traveling distances on the terminal are less problematic as TTUs transport the containers.RTG cranes will also be effectively used for the handling of containers on road trucks or rail cars. According to manufacturers, up to four tracks can be covered and containers can be stored at the side of the rail tracks. They can be allocated from the yard to the landside operation and vice versa, if necessary. Including landside operation 2–3 RTGs and 4–5 TTUss (depending on the distance between berth and stacking area) are required per STS crane. They stack the container in blocks 1-over-4- to -7-high and 5 to 8 container rows plus 1 lane for container handover laneFigure 1. 4 RTG cranes and TTUs in the stacking yard, rail yard operation by RMGs System advantages †¢ low space requirement in the stacking area because of the high storage capacity in a small area (high stacking density). The containers can be stacked up to 8- high (i. e. 1-over-7-high)1 without spacing for traveling lanes between the rows. †¢ relatively high flexibility as the RTGs can be transported to other storage blocks Rail-Mounted Gantry Crane System These cranes are mounted on fixed rail tracks with a cantilever outside the portal of cranes (see Figure 1. ). Figure 1. 5 RMG cranes with TTUs System advantages †¢ RMGs generally stack higher and span wider, with up to 1-over-7-high and 12 containers wide †¢Stacking density of the yard is higher with RMG cranes and can exceed 1,000 TEU per hectare (stacking 4-high) Automated Guided Vehicles The horizontal transport of the containers will be performed with AGVs. (See Figure 1. 6). The handover positions for trucks are located at the top-end of the stacking blocks. The stacking of the containers is usually carried out by automated RMGs.The ShC is designed primarily to convey containers between the ships’s side and container stacks served by RMG cranes. As it is able to stack containers two high it will also be used for loading and unloading road trucks and rail cars. The shuttle carrier is an alternative aim at more efficiency to handle the container transport between the stacks and the quay cranes, and still maintain high density stacking by RTG or RMG yard cranes. Figure 1. 6 RMG cranes with AGVs System advantages †¢ very low labor costs because of automation high system availability †¢ very high productivity of horizontal transport The layout and choice of our equipment and their interface will depend on, amongst others, the †¢ number of containers to be handled, †¢ availa ble area †¢ type of hinterland transport. The combination of our terminal equipment to be used will depend on if they are †¢ at the vessel, †¢ for transport tasks between quay and stacking yard ( or reverse) †¢ for container stacking, †¢ for transport from stacking yard to and from the landside operation area †¢ for landside operation itselfOperational areas: 1. The area between quay wall and container yard 2. container yard 3. terminal area of landside operations example the gate, parking, office buildings, customs facilities etc The container yard will be an intermediate storage facility meaning the containers will remain from a couple of hours to some weeks. There are different possibilities for the layout of our intermediate storage area. We may have stacking area which is compact, low ground area consuming stack without spacing known as block stack (see Figure 2. 1).In cases like these, yard gantry cranes will be used for the stacking of containers being delivered by terminal equipment of horizontal transport. An alternative is the linear stack (see Figure 2. 2) where the containers are stacked by Straddle Carriers (SC). This type of stacking will have spacing between the container rows and relatively wide terminal roads. Export and import containers will be segregated within the yard area and piled up to 4 containers high and pre-sorted for the various hinterland transport modes. Figure 2. 1 block stacking Figure 2. 2 linear stackingOperational procedures applicable for the handling of containers and container vessels calling at the ARJ Container Terminal Section A – General A-1 Abbreviations COD Change of Destination EDI Electronic Data Interchange EIR Equipment Interchange Report ETC Expected Time of Completion OOG Out of Gauge POD Port of Discharge SSDR Stevedore Ship Damage Report TOS Terminal Operating System A-2 Working Hrs The terminal operates round the clock on the following schedule: Terminal Operations 24 h rs except declared public holidaysOffice Administration 07:00 hrs to 15:30 hrs Monday to Friday except declared public holidays Gate Operations 08:00 hrs to 16:00 hrs Friday except declared public holidays Overtime rates as per Tariff will apply for all activities carried out on declared public holidays. Containers can be received at or released from the gate outside the working hrs shown above at no additional charge (except on public holidays), but prior notice should be given to the Port to ensure the Gate is staffed appropriately. A-3 Entry Passes Permanent entry passes are issued at the discretion of the Sr.Manager. Application forms are available at the main reception of the Container Terminal Administration Building. Permanent entry passes are valid for one year. Monthly & Daily entry passes are issued subject to proof of legitimate business in the terminal. Vehicle entry permits are selectively issued on providing vehicle registration and registration papers. A-4 General Cus toms Formalities The shipping line bears full responsibility for all Customs clearance formalities concerning their cargo. Section B – Landside Operations B-1 Terminal AccessARJ Container Terminal controls access of truckers to the terminal. A trucker is only allowed on the terminal after full identification of the trucker and registration of the terminal visit. Containers are only allowed onto the terminal on instruction of the shipping line that has to provide an acceptance notification to ARJ Gate Department before the container arrives at the gate. Information required will be as follows: †¢ Container ID and Booking No. †¢ Equipment Size/Type †¢ Outbound Vessel / Voyage and POD †¢ IMO / Reefer / OOG When delivering the container the trucker has to provide Container No. nd Booking No. to gate staff. All full containers will be gated in subject to clearance of Customs formalities by the shipping line. B-2 Exit Validation ARJ performs exit validation. Con tainers are only allowed to leave the terminal upon release instructions received from the shipping line, provided the customs department does not restrict the container from leaving the terminal. The shipping line must provide ARJ Gate Department with a hard copy of the release instruction. Information required will be as follows: †¢ Container ID †¢ Receiving Party Identification or Reference Number Date Restrictions if any Full containers will be allowed to depart the terminal only subject to completion of all customs formalities by the shipping line and full payment of port charges. B-3 Checking Activity at Gate For any containers entering or leaving the gate, the Port will perform a visual check and any deviations from provided data or anomalies are documented and reported to the shipping line. The check includes the following: †¢ Container ID †¢ Equipment size/type †¢ Visual damage (external) †¢ Visual damage (internal – empty containers onl y) †¢ Presence of SealIf any damage to a container is noticed at the gate, then a reference to this will be made on the gate ticket issued. Any further checking required e. g. Seal number, or further action like placing of seal or placard is chargeable as per Tariff. B-5 Customs Inspection In case ROP orders customs inspection of a container, shipping line should advise the port who will move the container to the customs inspection area and unstuff the cargo as per ROP requirement and subsequently restuff the cargo in the container, such operation to be charged as per Tariff.Section C – Vessel Operation Information on vessels calling ARJ to discharge or load containers is to be provided to ARJ planning department by the shipping line or its designated representatives. The Line shall nominate a focal point that can be reached 24 hrs a day by ARJ Planning and Operations Departments in case any issues concerning Vessel Planning / Operation need to be verified. C-1 Vessel Ar rival Notice The owner, ship’s agents or the master of the ship shall send the arrival notice to the Harbour Master 48 hrs before arrival to the Port.He should also inform the Harbour Master with the details of the Ship, its cargo, any hazardous cargo, cases of illness and any defects which affects the vessel manoeuvrability. C-1. 1 Documents Required †¢ Insurance cover for third party liabilities, wreck removal and oil pollution †¢ Ship’s registration certificate †¢ Port clearance certificate from last port of call †¢ ISPS Certificate †¢ Class Certificate C-1. 2 Establishing Communication The master of the ship shall establish communication with The Port Authority and request permission to enter the port limits, at least four hrs prior to the estimated time of arrival.The Port Authority will arrange the services of Pilotage, Tugs and Mooring Gang(s), and coordinate with ARJ Terminal Operations to have the gantry cranes and labour gangs ready. Normally cargo operations start upon lowering of the gangway from the vessel. C-1. 3 Pilotage Pilotage services are available round the clock. Activation time for marine services is 30 minutes. C- 2 Berth and Labour Planning Pro-forma vessel schedules and move counts declared by the l shipping lines form the basis for berth and stevedore / labour planning in the Quay Wall Schedule.Daily berth planning will also include: †¢ Initial vessel call information †¢ Detailed vessel call information for initial and pro-forma calls †¢ Availability of quay-wall space †¢ Vessel connections Based on this information ARJ Planning Department will prepare the day plan C-2. 1 Pro-forma Vessel Schedules Vessel string pro-forma berth windows are negotiated between the shipping line and ARJ. Berth windows are related to an estimated number of container lifts and the required day and time of the week for the vessel operation.Unless otherwise agreed, vessels will be planned for arrival and departure at pro-forma berth window. Vessels arriving within pro-forma always have priority over vessels out of pro-forma or incidental vessel calls. If it concerns vessels of the same shipping line only, this shipping line may set its own priorities, provided that it does not impact the berth windows of other Shipping lines. C-2. 2 Advance Schedules The shipping line will provide to ARJ Planning Department future projected schedules every week, from current date to 30 days in advance.Information required will be as follows: †¢ Vessel Name †¢ Inbound / Outbound Voyage †¢ ETA / ETD †¢ Service C-2. 3 Initial Vessel Call Information The shipping line is responsible for providing initial vessel call information at least 7 work-days prior to the estimated vessel arrival date to ARJ Planning Department. Information required will be as follows: †¢ Vessel Name †¢ Call Sign †¢ Inbound / Outbound Voyage †¢ ETA / ETD †¢ LOA †¢ Previous Por t of Call †¢ Next Port of Call †¢ Estimated Move Count †¢ Vessel Service †¢ Vessel Operator C-2. 4 Detailed Vessel Call InformationDetailed information is to be provided to ARJ Planning Department for line haul vessels at least 48 hrs and for all other vessels at least 24 hrs prior arrival at the terminal. Information required will be as follows: †¢ Vessel Name †¢ ETA †¢ Required ETD †¢ Expected Move Count, split as: – Total number of discharge / load moves – OOG discharge / load moves – Live reefer discharge / load moves – Empty container discharge / load moves – IMO class 1 & 7 discharge / load moves – Detailed information of any Break Bulk Cargo Upon receipt of this information, ARJ will undertake the final berth and labour planning.In case of required changes in the requested ETA / ETD, ARG Planning Department will contact the shipping line to create the best workable solution. The Port has a minim um billing per vessel call for loading/discharging of containers as per Tariff. Vessels are expected to use the Port's shore gantry cranes. Any movement or use of the vessel's gear while alongside is strictly subject to prior approval from the Port. C-2. 5 Communication on the ARJ Day Plan The Line will submit daily ETA update for their vessels latest at 10:00 hrs every day. ARJ will in turn revert with a Day Plan latest at 15:00 hrs.In order to provide flexibility to our customers, the Day Plan is always considered subject to change. Any agreements that are verbal in nature or those made after office hrs need to be confirmed in writing immediately on opening of the next working day. C-2. 7 Vessel Connections Connections other than those agreed to in the pro-forma schedule, have to form part of the Day Plan negotiations and these have to be announced to ARJ Planning Department preferably 48 hrs, but at least 24 hrs before ETA to ensure proper priority setting for the quay-wall. C-2. 8 Technical Information on the VesselFor vessels calling ARJ Container Terminal for the first time or in case of changes to the previously supplied vessel information the shipping line needs to supply ARJ Planning Department with technical information on the vessel at least 72 hrs before arrival. Technical information on the vessel consists of: †¢ Vessel Name †¢ Call Sign †¢ LOA †¢ Container Layout †¢ Lashing Plan †¢ Type of Twist Locks †¢ Type of Hatch Covers †¢ Mooring Restrictions (port / starboard side) †¢ Vessel Capacity in TEU †¢ Vessel Profile / NSD file (if available) †¢ Other peculiarities relevant to the Vessel StowageFurther details subject to planning or operational needs have to be provided upon request. C-2. 9 Notice of Readiness The Port Authority will issue the vessel with a ‘Notice of Readiness' at least 2 hrs prior to the estimated completion of cargo operations, and provided vessel confirms readiness to sail upon cargo completion The Port Authority will arrange to book Pilot, Tugs and unmooring gang(s). Section D – Load and Discharge Operation D-1 General D-1. 1 Gantry Crane Capacity Port provides shore-side gantry cranes with minimum capacity of 40 tons under the spreader and there are cranes with up to 65 tons capacity.D-1. 2 Lashing The Port Tariff for loading and discharging of containers includes the cost of lashing and unlashing of containers on board the vessel. Lashing equipment is to be provided by the shipping line. The Port will maintain safe housekeeping of lashing material at all times and handle all lashing gear in a controlled manner and in accordance with accepted safety standards. The Port will also handle discharging and loading of lashing material if required at no additional charge. D-1. 3 Hatch Cover Moves and Restows Hatch Cover moves and restows are chargeable as per tariff. D-1. 4 Use of Special EquipmentUse of special equipment for loading/unloading eg slings, frames etc is chargeable as per tariff on per lift basis. D-1. 5 Bay Planning and Stability Calculations The Port will carry out Bay Planning and unloading / sequence of containers in accordance with the information provided by the shipping line as part of its normal service. Container stow plans prepared by the Port are subject to the final confirmation by the Master of the vessel. The Port is responsible for providing information to the shipping line required for stability and lashing calculations, but the Port is not responsible for making these calculations.D-1. 6 Definition of Loading/Discharging of Containers Loading / discharging of containers is the handling by the Port of the containers between the stowage position onboard the vessel and the position in the container yard of the Port. No additional shiftings made based on any change in the information or additional information provided by the shipping line are included, and such additional shiftings made are cha rgeable as per tariff. Import / export containers pay truck loading / unloading charge as per tariff. D-1. 7 ReportingThe Port makes reports as per shipping line's required format and frequency to the operator of the vessel for all containers loaded/discharged and in case of vessels loading containers belonging to more than one shipping line, to each shipping line for their containers. D-1. 8 Storage Containers are stored in the Container Yard of the Port subject to the applicable Freetime and Container Storage rates as per Tariff. D-1. 9 Data Amendment Data Amendment charges as per Tariff apply in case the discharge and / or load lists are not provided in time to the Port, or in case there is any change to the information provided.Any Data Amendment that involves containers being shifted from one stack to another will incur shifting charges in addition as per Tariff. D-2 Discharge Operation D-2. 1 Vessel Profile Information The shipping line is responsible for communicating the dis charge, re-stow and remain-on-board instructions at least 24 hrs prior to the arrival of the vessel to ARJ Planning Department. For vessels with less than 24 hrs steaming time from the previous port, these details are to be provided as soon as information becomes available. The Bay-plan of the arriving vessel is to be sent via EDI message.D-2. 2 Discharge List Information The discharge list is to be provided to ARG Planning Department 24 hrs prior arrival for mother vessels and 18 hrs prior arrival for feeder vessels. Exceptions will be made on a case to case basis for vessels with lesser time as compared to these deadlines in which case load instructions have to be made available as soon as possible. D-2. 3 Checking Activity During Discharge (Tally) During the discharge process, ARJ will perform a visual check and any deviations from provided data or anomalies are documented and reported to the Line.This check also covers any restows. The check includes the following: †¢ Conta iner ID †¢ Equipment Size / Type †¢ Visual Damage †¢ Presence of seal (On request) Any further checking required eg Seal number, CSC plate validity etc or further action like placing of seal or placard is chargeable as per Tariff. D-2. 5 Short-landed Container When a container is reported short-landed, ARJ Planning Department will contact the Line. Information will be provided as follows: †¢ Container ID †¢ Vessel / Voyage †¢ Stowage position stated for the container †¢ Reasons for Short-LandingContainer Terminal Operational Guidelines Issued 1 D-2. 6 Over-Landed Container When a container(s) is reported as over-landed, ARJ Planning Department will contact the vessel operator. Information will be provided as follows: †¢ Container ID †¢ Seal Number †¢ Status (full / empty) †¢ Equipment Type / Size †¢ Stowage Position the container was found in †¢ IMO / Reefer information as far as possible †¢ Reasons for Over-landi ng The shipping line will investigate ownership / operator of the container and decide whether the container must be re-stowed or remain discharged.The shipping line will supply full container details to ARJ Planning Department and advise further action before vessel departure. D-3. 3 Re-Nomination of Cargo In the event of rollover of cargo for whatever reason, the Line is expected, within 12 hrs of vessel departure, to communicate to ARJ Planning Department, the name of the new vessel which will load the cargo. Every such ‘renomination' incurs a charge as per Tariff. D-3. 4 Pro-Forma Cargo Deadline In principle, all containers must be in the yard upon arrival of the vessel in order to maintain vessel schedule integrity and ensure efficient stevedore operations.The following will be taken into account: †¢ Vessel schedule reliability / integrity should not be affected †¢ Berth / Crane productivity should not be unduly impacted †¢ Line, Port and Customs requiremen ts The shipping line is responsible for ensuring that all cargo is available for loading prior vessel arrival. Same applies to cargo on hold or any other cargo released by the shipping line but not ready for loading due to any particular reason. D-3. 5 Checking Activity during Load (Tally) During the load process, ARJ will perform a visual check and any discrepancies or anomalies are documented and reported to the shipping line.This check includes restows. The check includes the following: †¢ Stowage Position †¢ Visual Damage †¢ Presence of Seal Any further checking required eg Seal number, CSC plate validity etc or further action like placing of seal or placard is chargeable as per Tariff. D-3. 6 Reporting ARJ Planning Department will update the shipping line with the ETC before and after start of vessel operation and advice the vessel and The Port Authority 2 hrs notice prior to vessel departure. Once vessel planning is completed ARJ will forward a BAPLIE to the ves sel.An updated BAPLIE will be delivered minimum 1/2 hour before completion of cargo operations. ARJ is able to provide the shipping line with EDI Load Confirmation Messages (COARRI) at frequencies agreed to with the shipping line. In addition to the EDI information a recap of the final load and a confirmed load list (CLL) will be sent to the Shipping line via E-mail earliest after vessel departure. In case of EDI failure ARJ will provide the shipping line with a Bay Plan of the load condition upon request.Any urgent or critical matters relating to discrepancies in reporting are to be addressed with the ARJ Planning Department D-3. 7 Short-Shipped Container When a container is reported as short-shipped, ARJ Planning Department will contact the shipping line. Information will be provided as follows: †¢ Container ID †¢ Vessel / Voyage †¢ Port of Discharge †¢ Stowage position stated for the container †¢ Reasons for Short-Shipping D-3. 8 Over-Shipped Container Wh en a container is reported as over-shipped, ARJ Planning Department will contact the shipping line.Information will be provided as follows: †¢ Container ID †¢ Vessel / Voyage †¢ Container Operator for the over-shipped container †¢ Status (full / empty) †¢ Category (export / transhipment) †¢ Stowage Position (if available) †¢ IMO Details †¢ Reefer Details †¢ Reasons for Over-Shipping D-4 Yard Inventory ARJ Planning Department will provide the shipping line with weekly Yard Inventory Reports for all laden and empty containers. In addition ARJ will also provide on a weekly basis a list of laden containers in the yard, which do not have a nominated on carrying vessel or POD.The shipping line will verify the missing details and revert with an update within 24 hrs of having received the input from ARJ. Any re-nomination or COD is chargeable as per Tariff. D-5 Vessel Bunkering, Repair, and Supply of Provision Vessel bunkering, repair and provisi oning activities have to be communicated to ARJ Planning Department at least 48 hrs before arrival of the vessel. These activities are only allowed after approval of ARJ and are subject to safety and security procedures issued by the Port.These activities should not delay the vessel stevedoring operation and must be completed within the operational working time of the vessel unless otherwise agreed. Only in exceptional cases may the stevedoring operations be stopped or the vessel port time extended because of these activities. Section E – Break Bulk and Over Dimensional Cargo E-1 Requirements The Shipping line is expected to provide information at least 48 hrs in advance of the vessel arrival to the ARJ Planning and Operations Department on any break-bulk activity on vessels that is planned at ARJThe following Information has to be provided: †¢ Arrival / Ongoing transportation via water / via land †¢ Handling by Container Gantry Crane / External Crane †¢ Piece count †¢ Measurements †¢ Cargo Description †¢ Weight †¢ Position on Vessel †¢ Complete description including sketches, diagrams, photographs etc in jpeg / bmp format †¢ Customs Approval Confirmation For over dimensional unitised cargo, the shipping line is expected to provide a complete Out of Gauge manifest as part of the documentation submitted for a vessel call.Undeclared, wrongly declared, poorly stowed or incorrectly packaged break-bulk or over dimensional cargo is subject to a fine as per Tariff. Port has the option of measuring and/or weighing the cargo to check the measurements and/or weight. The Port will provide warehouse for storing this cargo if required at no additional charge subject to availability. Any other equipment required for yard handling will be chargeable as per Tariff. Loading or Discharging and Quay Handling will be charged as per the applicable charges of the Tariff.Free time will apply as per the tariff for over dimensional c ontainers, and storage charges will apply as per the tariff for over dimensional containers based on the length. E-2 Restrictions Waterside handling restrictions are always subject to specific approval from ARG Planning and Operations Departments but approximately are as under: Dimensions Height Length Width Weight 10 m 18 m 6 m 65 MT Shipping lines are expected to taken to take approval from the terminal prior acceptance of bookings involving break-bulk and over dimensional cargoes.Section F – Direct Deliveries For exceptional cases there exists a possibility for accepting or delivering containers under the hook for direct loading / discharging. For safety reasons this activity will have to comply with ARJ Rules and Regulations. The Port should be advised at least 24 hrs before the arrival of the vessel at the Pilot Station of any planned direct delivery containers. The following information should be provided: †¢ Container ID †¢ Time of delivery †¢ Contents o f the container †¢ Hazardous Details (IMO Class, UN No. and Manifests as required Port of Salalah will inform the Line about the expected time of loading or discharge of the container. The requested direct delivery has to be confirmed to ARJ three (3) hrs before arrival of the vessel. Section G – Dangerous Cargo The shipping line bears the full responsibility for compliance to all rules and regulations governing the handling and transportation of Dangerous Cargo. Packing, labeling, declaration, stowage and documentation have to comply with the IMDG Rules and Regulations for Sea Containers as well as local laws and any directions given by local and Port Authorities.The Dangerous Cargo Manifest has to be provided to ARJ Planning Department at least 24 hrs before vessel arrival. The Line is responsible for content and sufficiency of the manifest. ARG will stow dangerous cargo container on the vessel as per instructions from the Line. Dangerous cargo containers pay additiona l charges for loading and discharging as per Tariff. Handling dangerous goods containers belonging to IMO classes 1 and 7 require special attention and permissions from the terminal and other competent authorities.Dangerous cargoes requiring special handling will be entitled to reduced free-time as compared to normal containers and will be subject to separate storage rates as per Tariff. Section H – Leakage / Spillage of Cargo Leakage of cargo contents from a container can be reported either by the shipping line on receiving information from the vessel or by ARJ staff while they are handling it in the terminal. On being made aware of a leakage, the shipping line will immediately advise its nominated surveyor to carry out a survey of the leaking container in conjunction with ARJ Health, Safety, Security ; Environment Department.On receiving the surveyor’s report, the shipping line will be responsible for taking necessary steps to arrange for re-packing of cargo through third party contractors or alternatively for cross-stuffing of cargoes, as per the advice received from the surveyor. Onward movement of such cargo from ARJ will be strictly subject to clearance from ARJ, that the leakage has been stopped and container is cargo and sea worthy for onward transport. Spillage of cargo will be solely on account of the shipping line as will a penalty charge applied as per tariff till corrective action is taken to stop the leakage.Section I – Container Freight Station Activities ARJ has capabilities for container cargo rework, cross stuffing and CFS activities. Arrangements can be made via the CFS Co-ordinator. Section J – Weighbridge Port has a weighbridge and shipping line can issue instructions for any container to be weighed at charges as per tariff. Section K – Miscellaneous Services Port can offer various services such as sweeping containers, fitting or removing tarpaulins, knocking down ends of flatbeds, bundling flatbed contai ners, applying or removing placards, fixing seals etc, all of which are chargeable as per tariff.Section L – Damage and Claims The Damage ; Claims Section of ARJ is responsible for dealing with damages caused to the shipping line’s equipment, its vessels or to port facilities, equipment or its personnel. L-3 Damage Caused by Third Parties If damage is caused to containers or vessels by parties other than ARJ, then ARJ will undertake repairs only at the specific request of the shipping line at its risk and account. L-4 Damage to Port Facilities/Equipment/PersonnelThe shipping line will be fully responsible for all costs and consequence arising due to any damage caused by it, to port facilities, equipment or personnel. Section M – Longstanding Cargo Consignments remaining in the port in excess of the following periods will be subject to auction. Any cargo, for which the respective Port and Customs charges have not been paid will be considered frustrated and may be auctioned and sold by ARJ after the following time periods: †¢ One Month – Refrigerated Containerized Cargo and other cargo considered perishable Three Months – All other Containerized Cargo Section N – Reefer Containers Live reefers will be plugged and unplugged as a standard activity in the stevedoring operations subject to availability of connections, at the temperature setting advised by the Line. Reefer monitoring and maintenance is carried out by the Container Service section of the Maintenance Services Department, and is chargeable as per tariff (charge includes electric supply). Monitoring of reefer containers is carried out at least every 8 hrs and any faults will be immediately reported to the Line.Export reefers can be pre-cooled if required and electric supply/monitoring charges commence from the time of plug-in. The Port can arrange PTI (Pre-Trip Inspection) of reefer containers and also can retrieve temperature data from the reefer data logge r, both activities chargeable as per Tariff. Section O – Port Safety and Security O-1 Rules ; Regulations ‘The Port of Salalah Rules ; Regulations’ is issued by the Port Authorities and applies to all users of the Port. The complete document is available on the Port of Salalah Website. Container Terminal Operational Guidelines Issued 1 stMarch 2007 30 O-2 International Ship and Port Security (ISPS) The Port of Salalah is certified as fully compliant with all requirements laid down under the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS). All vessel operators are expected to fulfil requirements pertaining to their role as specified in the ISPS Code. O-2. 1 ISPS Measures by Port of Salalah Port of Salalah has designated a Port Facility Security Officer (PFSO) and a Deputy PFSO (DPFSO) as point of contact for all issues pertaining to ISPS rules and regulations for the Port of Salalah. O-2. 2 ISPS Requirements for the Line Shipping Agents must submit ISPS vessel certification, ETA of the vessel, Crew list, estimated port stay and last 10 ports of calls to the Port Control 48 hrs prior to vessel arrival. This information is to be sent to [email  protected] com †¢ The Ships Security Officer must submit a completed Declaration of Security (DOS) of the vessel through the shipping agent to the Port Security Officer for endorsement upon berthing. †¢ Enquiries on the Port Security Level are to be directed to HSSE department. †¢ All users of port facilities must display facility passes at all times while at the facility.To apply for pass, please contact the HSSE department †¢ Port users must stop at all facility access control for Security check. Any violation will result in rejection of facility access †¢ For further information / clarification please feel free to contact the Port Facility Security Officer. Tel. 968 23219500 ext 466 / 409 / 406 O-3 X-Ray Inspection of Containers Port of Salalah has modern X-Ray sc reening facilities, and in case any container is required to be screened, the Line should advise the Port who will make the necessary arrangements, which is chargeable as per Tariff.